Major Questions Doctrine

Limits on Chevron Deference: Major Questions Doctrine

In the last few decades, the Supreme Court has placed another limitation on the Chevron Doctrine’s scope. The “major questions doctrine” holds that courts should not defer to agency statutory interpretations that concern questions of “vast economic or political significance.” The Supreme Court justifies this limitation with the non-delegation doctrine. According to the Supreme Court, courts are supposed to interpret “major” legal questions, not administrative bureaucrats. 

Some legal scholars argue that this reading of the non-delegation doctrine mistakenly takes political decisions out of the hands of agency officials appointed by elected leaders and puts the decisions into the hands of courts that lack political accountability. They argue that the major questions doctrine lets judges view statutes de novo, without deferring to agency interpretations, contradicting the Chevron principles. The major questions doctrine runs counter to the idea that important political decisions should be resolved by Congress. 

King v. Burwell is one of a constellation of cases where the Supreme Court relies on the major questions doctrine to override Chevron deference and assert its own statutory interpretation rather than respecting the agency’s interpretation. King v. Burwell, is a case about the Affordable Care Act (“ACA”), one of the most politically controversial laws (if not the most controversial) passed in the Obama era. The Supreme Court did not defer to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) interpretation of the ACA when it decided whether insurance purchased on a Federal or State Exchange qualified for tax subsidies.